Math and Strings

Table of Contents

No.	Topic
1	Math
2	Strings

Math

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Definition :

In programming, math refers to performing mathematical operations like addition, subtraction, multiplication, division, and using built-in functions to work with numbers (like finding square roots, powers, etc.). Each language provides a set of math functions to make calculations easier.

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C++

Syntax:

• Basic operators: +, -, *, /, %
• Advanced functions via the <cmath> library: sqrt(), pow(), abs(), fmax(), fmin()

Note: For abs(), use <cstdlib> for integers and <cmath> for floating-point numbers.

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Example

#include <iostream>
#include <cmath>    // For sqrt, pow, fmax
#include <cstdlib>  // For abs

int main() {
    int a = 10;
    int b = 3;

    // Basic operations
    std::cout << "Addition: " << (a + b) << std::endl;
    std::cout << "Division: " << (a / b) << std::endl;

    // Math functions
    std::cout << "Square Root of 25: " << sqrt(25) << std::endl;
    std::cout << "2 to the power of 3: " << pow(2, 3) << std::endl;
    std::cout << "Maximum of a and b: " << fmax(a, b) << std::endl;

    return 0;
}

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C#

Syntax:

• Basic operators: +, -, *, /, %
• Advanced functions via Math class: Math.Sqrt(), Math.Pow(), Math.Abs(), Math.Max(), Math.Min()

Example

using System;

class Program
{
    static void Main()
    {
        int a = 10;
        int b = 3;

        // Basic operations
        Console.WriteLine("Addition: " + (a + b));
        Console.WriteLine("Division: " + (a / b));

        // Math class functions
        Console.WriteLine("Square Root of 25: " + Math.Sqrt(25));
        Console.WriteLine("2 to the power of 3: " + Math.Pow(2, 3));
        Console.WriteLine("Maximum of a and b: " + Math.Max(a, b));
    }
}

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Java

Syntax:

• Basic operators: +, -, *, /, %
• Use Math class for advanced operations: Math.sqrt(), Math.pow(), Math.abs(), Math.max(), Math.min()

Example

public class Main {
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        int a = 10;
        int b = 3;

        // Basic operations
        System.out.println("Addition: " + (a + b));
        System.out.println("Division: " + (a / b));

        // Math class functions
        System.out.println("Square Root of 25: " + Math.sqrt(25));
        System.out.println("2 to the power of 3: " + Math.pow(2, 3));
        System.out.println("Maximum of a and b: " + Math.max(a, b));
    }
}

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Python

Syntax:

• Basic operators: +, -, *, /, %
• Use math module for advanced operations: math.sqrt(), math.pow(), math.fabs(), max(), min()

Example

import math  # Import math module for advanced functions

a = 10
b = 3

# Basic operations
print("Addition:", a + b)
print("Division:", a / b)

# Math functions
print("Square Root of 25:", math.sqrt(25))
print("2 to the power of 3:", math.pow(2, 3))
print("Maximum of a and b:", max(a, b))

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JavaScript

Syntax:

• Basic operators: +, -, *, /, %
• Use Math object for advanced operations: Math.sqrt(), Math.pow(), Math.abs(), Math.max(), Math.min()

Example

let a = 10;
let b = 3;

// Basic operations
console.log("Addition:", a + b);
console.log("Division:", a / b);

// Math object functions
console.log("Square Root of 25:", Math.sqrt(25));
console.log("2 to the power of 3:", Math.pow(2, 3));
console.log("Maximum of a and b:", Math.max(a, b));

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TypeScript

Syntax:

• Basic operators: +, -, *, /, %
• Use Math object for advanced operations: Math.sqrt(), Math.pow(), Math.abs(), Math.max(), Math.min()

Example

let a: number = 10;
let b: number = 3;

// Basic operations
console.log("Addition:", a + b);
console.log("Division:", a / b);

// Math functions
console.log("Square Root of 25:", Math.sqrt(25));
console.log("2 to the power of 3:", Math.pow(2, 3));
console.log("Maximum of a and b:", Math.max(a, b));

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Summary Table

Language	Math Library/Feature	Square Root	Power	Max Value
C++	<cmath>	sqrt(25)	pow(2, 3)	std::max(a, b)
C#	Math	Math.Sqrt(25)	Math.Pow(2, 3)	Math.Max(a, b)
Java	Math	Math.sqrt(25)	Math.pow(2, 3)	Math.max(a, b)
Python	math module	math.sqrt(25)	math.pow(2, 3)	max(a, b)
JavaScript	Math	Math.sqrt(25)	Math.pow(2, 3)	Math.max(a, b)
TypeScript	Math	Math.sqrt(25)	Math.pow(2, 3)	Math.max(a, b)

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Strings

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Definition (in simple words):

A string is a sequence of characters enclosed in quotes. It is used to store and work with text like names, sentences, or any kind of word-based data.

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C++

Syntax:

• Declare using std::string type (from the <string> library)
• Use double quotes " to define a string

Note: Always include the #include <string> header when using std::string.

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Example

#include <iostream>
#include <string>

int main() {
    // Declaring a string
    std::string name = "Alice";

    // String operations
    std::cout << "Name: " << name << std::endl;                          // Concatenation
    std::cout << "Length: " << name.length() << std::endl;              // Length of string
    std::cout << "Uppercase: "; 
    for (char c : name) std::cout << (char)toupper(c);                  // Convert to uppercase
    std::cout << std::endl;
    std::cout << "First letter: " << name[0] << std::endl;              // Access character by index

    return 0;
}

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C#

Syntax:

• Declare using string type
• Use double quotes " to define a string

Example

using System;

class Program
{
    static void Main()
    {
        // Declaring a string
        string name = "Alice";

        // String operations
        Console.WriteLine("Name: " + name);                      // Concatenation
        Console.WriteLine("Length: " + name.Length);            // Length of string
        Console.WriteLine("Uppercase: " + name.ToUpper());      // Convert to uppercase
        Console.WriteLine("First letter: " + name[0]);          // Access character by index
    }
}

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Java

Syntax:

• Use String class
• Strings are enclosed in double quotes "..."

Example

public class Main {
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        // Declaring a string
        String name = "Alice";

        // String operations
        System.out.println("Name: " + name);                       // Concatenation
        System.out.println("Length: " + name.length());            // Length of string
        System.out.println("Uppercase: " + name.toUpperCase());    // Convert to uppercase
        System.out.println("First letter: " + name.charAt(0));     // Access character
    }
}

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Python

Syntax:

• Strings are defined using either single ' ' or double quotes " "
• Strings are objects, so they have built-in methods

Example

name = "Alice"  # Declaring a string

# String operations
print("Name:", name)                    # Print the string
print("Length:", len(name))             # Length of the string
print("Uppercase:", name.upper())       # Convert to uppercase
print("First letter:", name[0])         # Access character by index

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JavaScript

Syntax:

• Use let, var, or const to define a string
• Strings can be written with ' ', " ", or backticks ` `

Example

let name = "Alice";  // Declaring a string

// String operations
console.log("Name:", name);                 // Output the string
console.log("Length:", name.length);        // Length of the string
console.log("Uppercase:", name.toUpperCase()); // Convert to uppercase
console.log("First letter:", name[0]);      // Access first character

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TypeScript

Syntax:

• Use string type to declare strings.
• Enclose string values in double (") or single (') quotes.
• Built-in methods like .length, .toUpperCase(), .charAt(), etc., are available.

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Example

// Declaring a string
let name: string = "Alice";

// String operations
console.log("Name:", name);                               // Output the string
console.log("Length:", name.length);                      // Length of string
console.log("Uppercase:", name.toUpperCase());            // Convert to uppercase
console.log("First letter:", name.charAt(0));             // Access character by index

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Common String Operations Across Languages

Operation	C++	C#	Java	Python	JavaScript	TypeScript
Length	name.length() or name.size()	name.Length	name.length()	len(name)	name.length	name.length
Uppercase	toupper(c) (char by char)	name.ToUpper()	name.toUpperCase()	name.upper()	name.toUpperCase()	name.toUpperCase()
Access first char	name[0]	name[0]	name.charAt(0)	name[0]	name[0]	name[0]

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💡 In C++, strings don’t have a built-in .toUpperCase() — you need to loop through each character and convert with toupper(char).

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